Analyse the Methods Used by One Single Party State Ruler...

Josef Stalin is known throughout Russia for his legendry use of terror, political manipulation and demanding policies who would stop at nothing to achieve his goals. However, the question of the legitimacy of his position as leader of the Bolshevik party still remains. Following the death of Lenin in 1924, a power vacuum developed within the Bolshevik party and it was clear that a leadership race between candidates had begun. Stalin was able to rise above men like Trotsky, Kamenev and Zinoviev to launch into new economic policies, collectivisation and industrialisation. The main key to Stalin’s success in gaining power after Lenin’s death was held in his alignment with the former ‘hero’ of Russia, as well as his ability to plan, manipulate†¦show more content†¦He used this information to choose certain people to fill key positions who wouldn’t oppose his policies. It created a solid mass of Stalin followers within the Bolshevik party who owe d their posts to Stalin and dared not oppose him. These ‘Stalinists’ became crucial sources of support during the mass purges of the party in later years. He had control over 700 party officials and the secret police, a necessary tool to gain control over the majority of the Bolshevik party and the purges that would later follow. Through this manipulation of elements within the communist party and even before Lenin’s death, Stalin built up vast local and national bases of support. With this in mind, he could then use his power and influence to cut out any opposition. The power vacuum created by Lenin’s death gave rise for many of Stalin’s opposition to challenge his bid for power and leadership of the communist party. Leading up to Lenin’s death, Trotsky and Stalin recognised they were the two main contenders to take over the position as leader of the Bolshevik party. Stalin started a campaign to discredit the ‘ideological errors’ of his main rival for power. He rallied Kamenev and Zinoviev to isolate Trotsky, emphasising his Jewish background and disloyalty to the party as an ex-Menshevik member. Trotsky’s lack of devotion to the memory of Lenin further fuelled this anti-Trotsky movement within the party. Stalin was a master ofShow MoreRelatedMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 PagesMarketing concepts 3.4. The Marketing Mix (The 4 P s Of Marketing) 3.5. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Ethics in Marketing 4. Have you understood type questions 5. Summary 6. Exercises 7. References 1. INT RODUCTION: The apex body in United States of America for the Marketing functions, American Marketing Association (AMA) defines marketing as â€Å"Marketing consists of those activities involved in the flow of goods and services from the point of production to the point of consumption. The AMARead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesFrance Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York ß Oxford University Press 2006 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may beRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagessources and reproduced, with permission, i n this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2011, 2007, 2005, 2002, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. 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Black Friday Free Essays

The phenomenon of Black Friday Bustling city streets, hour-long lines, and retail store chaos: only one scenario explains the commonality between these situations, shopping on Black Friday. For half a century Black Friday has become an unofficial retail holiday in the United States. It is a day that offers incredible discounts and killer deals, and most notoriously, it brings a frenzy of crazed shoppers to local retailers looking to save on purchases. We will write a custom essay sample on Black Friday or any similar topic only for you Order Now Marketing strategies, paired with consumers’ need to locate the best deals on Christmas gifts has led to Black Friday being celebrated as a consumption ritual comparable in importance to Thanksgiving Day. (Thomas and Peters, 2011) How has Black Friday become the largest retail sales day of the year? What is it that drives people to artificially induced hyper consumption, almost like an annual ritual? Many scientist and psychologists have many different theories and conclusions of why Black Friday has become the biggest shopping day of the year. In this paper, I will take your through the research and conclusions that many psychologists have produced and the advantages and disadvantages of Black Friday. Dr. Stephanie Sarkis, Ph. D. explored the work of Jane Boyd Thomas and Cara Peters, professors at South Carolina’s Winthrop University, who spent two years in research trying to find common traits in Black Friday shoppers. They conducted thirty-eight extensive interviews with â€Å"experienced† Black Friday shoppers and found four recurring themes: 1. Familial bonding (multiple generations and close friends) 2. Strategic planning . The great race 4. Mission accomplished But how do the four themes they came up with relate to one another? Thomas and Peters figured that all the traits when analyzed together showed one commonality. They wrote, â€Å"the traits are coalesced around a military metaphor, and is a bonding activity Shoppers prepare for the ritual by scanning Black Friday ads, and they map out their stra tegy. † (Sarkis 2011) In essence, the family is a type of team that scans adds, plans their route and potential purchases, executes their plans by buying products, and rejoices in their accomplishments. When all of these traits are analyzed individually, they mean little to main the main outcome, bonding. But when all the traits are looked at collectively, they all contribute to the overall success and goal of bonding. Besides giving us a breakdown of bonding activities, the analysis also shows how the average consumer plan for Black Friday. Just as Sarkis found themes that make up this military metaphor, Byun, professor of consumer affairs at Auburn University came up with her own theory on why people react the way they do on Black Friday. Crowds create a sense of competition — such as when hundreds of shoppers are rushing to collect marked-down goods — they generate a different feeling entirely. Competition creates what’s called hedonic shopping value, or a sense of enjoyment from the mere process of buying goods. At certain levels, consumers enjoy arousal and challenges during the shopping process. † (Khazan 2011) In essence what Byun is saying is consu mers get more enjoyment because the crowds create an obstacle, which hinders the execution of the plans and preparations made. The crowds make getting what they want harder, which creates more value for the goods purchased. Just as Byun noted that crowds contribute to the Black Friday Craze, Kelly McGonigal, Ph. D. describes another factors that plays a big part in the â€Å"Black Friday frenzy†. Retailers, she notes, use innovative designs to lure customers into their stores and keep them there. McGonigal says â€Å"time pressure sales on limited products or scarce resources† triggers a negative physiological affect on the consumer. Scarcity for a certain commodity creates a sense of urgency to act now, a natural instinct to survive. This survival instinct can be related to hunting for some people. Black Friday is â€Å"hunting for women,† said Leisa Reinecke Flynn, professor of marketing and fashion merchandising at the University of Southern Mississippi. â€Å"It’s so much like deer hunting it’s hard to tell the two apart. † (Khazan 2011) Unfortunately, shopping on Black Friday is not motivated by survival instincts or a life in death situation. This paradox stimulates unusual behavior in consumers that creates disadvantages and potential dangers for those that are not necessarily into the hunt. The concept of Black Friday creates a â€Å"perfect storm† for consumer misbehavior. Misbehavior, as defined by Lennon, Johnson, and Lee is, â€Å"acts that violate accepted norms of conduct in consumption contexts. † (Lennon, Johnson, Lee, 2011) This compulsive behavior, or compulsive consumption, feeds off of the idea of scarcity. It induces people to act inappropriately harming others and often themselves. â€Å"For many, if not most compulsive purchasers, buying is a reaction to stress or unpleasant situations. Compulsive consumption is a type of consumer behavior which is inappropriate, typically excessive, and clearly disruptive to the lives of other individuals. (Ronald, Thomas, and Raymond 1987) Both hunting and shopping hinge on long-standing traditions and generally involve pursuing a goal as a group. Whether the group actually hits its target is secondary to the fun of the chase. Hunting and shopping as shown above are very closely linked and motivated by the idea of scarcity. Just like there are limited deer in the forest, there are limited goods in the stores. The result is paradoxical in nature. People are fraudulently deceived into acting compulsively. (Herpen, Pieters and Zeelenberg 2005) Just as Ronald, Thomas, and Raymond concluded that compulsive behavior negatively affects the lives of others, Peter McGraw, Ph. D. drew a similar connection. He focuses more on social trends and pressures being the root of the problem. In The Link between Thanksgiving Gluttony and Black Friday Insanity, McGraw makes a connection between Black Friday shopping and Thanksgiving Dinner. He explores the idea that once a year, people will consume more calories in one meal, than the average person consumes on a normal day. The next day they wake up, or sometimes not sleeping at all, and go shopping for hours on end. (McGraw and Warner 2011) Dr. McGraw’s research shows us that in a short period of forty eights hour there is over consumption of food on Thanksgiving and the hyper consumption or shopping on Black Friday. McGraw believes that the cause of this phenomenon is social influence and pressure. He writes, â€Å"One of the hallmarks of psychological science is that we are influenced by the actions of others—often more so than we’d like to admit. Sometimes we’re impelled to take positive actions, such as switching to reusable bags or cutting down on littering. Other times, social influence can be quite negative. When it comes to Thanksgiving and Black Friday, unfortunately, the influences skew more toward bad than good. † (McGraw and Warner 2011) In other words McGraw places responsibility of hyper consumption on social trends, pressures, and even perhaps familial rituals for the ever-popular Black Friday. Another concept of Black Friday is one of mutual benefit for both consumer and retailer. Consumers’ benefit from large discounts on all sorts of items including clothing, electronics, furniture, and literally any other commodity available on the market. Retailers’ benefit by getting out of the red zone, finally making a profit for the fiscal year. The opportunities available on Black Friday is what drove 212 million shoppers to stores during Black Friday weekend in 2011. (Wilson, 2010) Retailers experience surging sales during Black Friday and the days that follow. This monetary benefit is what drives their extensive promotion and deal offerings, further influencing the consumer’s willingness to partake in the shopping frenzy. In a society where a corporation or business’s main purpose is to grow profits for the benefit of its shareholders, a company’s number one purpose is to increase sales, in order to increase profits. According to a New York Times article written by Adam Davidson, approximately one fifth of retailer’s total annual sales are made during the holiday shopping season. (Davidson, 2011) In conclusion, we can see that shopping on Black Friday brings people together in one way or another. For some, it brings people together in a positive way. Families and friends are able to work as a team who plan, prepare and execute their plans to achieve their goals. For others, Black Friday shoppers experience the negative affects of other people’s behavior. There are also advantages and disadvantages for both the consumer and retailer. Consumers get amazingly cheap prices on products while retailers experience a massive surge in sales. However one may look at Black Friday, it is a day that cannot be ignored. It’s influence and popularity are ever growing and expanding. Reference Page Davidson, Adam. The Black Friday Effect: Let’s Stimulate the Economy with Inflation. † The New York Times, 16 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. Herpen, Erica van, Rik Pieters, and Marcel Zeelenberg (2005) ,†How Product Scarcity Impacts on Choice: Snob and Bandwagon Effects†, in Advances in Consumer Research Volume 32, eds. Geeta Menon and Akshay R. Rao, Advances in Consumer Research Volume 32 : Association for Consumer Research, Pages: 623-624. Faber, J. Ronald, O’Guinn, C Thomas, and Krych, Raymond. (1987) â€Å"Compulsive Consumption†, in Advances in Consumer Research Volume 14, eds. Melanie Wallendorf and Paul Anderson, Advances in Consumer Research Volume 14: Association for Sonsumer Research, Pages: 132-135. McGonigal, Kelly, Ph. D. â€Å"The Science of Willpower. † Comments on â€Å"Black Friday Shopping: How Stores Use Psychology to Fill Your Cart† N. p. , 19 Nov. 2010. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. . McGraw, Peter, Ph. D. , and Warner, Joel. â€Å"The Humor Code. † The Link between Thanksgiving Gluttony and Black Friday Insanity. N. p. , 21 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. . Ridgwar, Nicole, â€Å"Black Friday Sales Hit Record. † CNNMoney. Cable News Netwrok, 26 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. Sarkis, Stephanie, Ph. D. â€Å"Here, There, and Everywhere. † Black Friday: A Collective Consumption Ritual. N. p. , 20 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. . Thomas, Jane Boyd, and Peters, Cara. (2011) â€Å"An exploratory investigation of Black Friday consumption rituals†, International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, Vol. 39 Iss: 7, pp. 522 – 537 Wallendorf, M. , Arnould, E. â€Å"We gather together: consumption rituals of Thanksgiving Day†, in Journal of Consumer Research, (1991) Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 13-31. Wilson, April. â€Å"By the Numbers: Black Friday Shoppers and Their Impact on the Economy. † The Luckie ReTink Tank. 23 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 Oct 2012. . How to cite Black Friday, Essay examples Black Friday Free Essays The three sources to be compared are all in relation to the events that occurred on â€Å"Black Friday†, particularly surrounding the conduct of the metropolitan police. Source 10, taken from â€Å"The Times† newspaper presents the view that the police were more victims of the women and raiders that they were trying to control, and that it took some effort to restrain the women that were protesting on that day. Whereas source 11, taken from a memorandum that was sent to the home office after ‘Black Friday† gives the view that the police were acting violently towards the women protesting and that the women in this situation were the victims. We will write a custom essay sample on Black Friday or any similar topic only for you Order Now Source 12, a statement from a suffragette who participated in â€Å"Black Friday† presents a similar opinion to that in source 11, indicating that the woman in question received several injuries from a police officer. The events that occurred on â€Å"Black Friday† and the conduct of the police have been under dispute by many historians, which some taking the side of source 10, and others agreeing more with the recollections presented in sources 11 and 12- it can therefore be argued how much sources 11 and 12 challenge the view contained in source 10 about the conduct of the police on â€Å"Black Friday†. Source 10, taken from â€Å"The Times’ newspaper on 19th November 1910 is an extract from a report covering the events of what eventually became known as â€Å"Black Friday†. It presents the view that the police â€Å"kept their temper very well’ towards â€Å"the ladies who flung themselves against (them)†. It also speaks of how â€Å"several police had their helmets knocked off in carrying out their duty† and later mentions that â€Å"one was disabled by a kick on the ankle† and another â€Å"was cut on the face by a belt† therefore implying that the women who were present on Black Friday were acting violently towards the police, and that any rough handling of the police towards the protesters was only in response to the treatment they were receiving. It could be said then, that this article presents the police in a positive light and shows the suffragettes to be the ones at fault on â€Å"Black Friday† which comes as no surprise given that the article comes from â€Å"The Times†- a newspaper that would have been primarily aimed at educated men, and its purpose therefore would have been to share the opinion that women were out of control and lacked the dignity to receive the vote. Source 11 on the other hand disagrees with the view presented in source source 10. It is an extract from a memorandum by the Parliamentary Conciliation Committee for Women’s Suffrage send to the Home Office after â€Å"Black Friday†. It agrees with the source ten in the sense that it admits a â€Å"relentless struggle† occurred between the police and the suffragettes, but it disagrees with source 10 because it presents the view that it was the police acting violently towards the women, who it says were â€Å"flung hither and thither amid moving traffic, and into the hands of a crows which was sometimes rough and indecent†. This opinion is presented because the purpose of the memorandum sent to the home office was to request a public inquiry into the conduct of the police on â€Å"Black Friday†, because they did not follow their â€Å"usual course of action† which â€Å"would have been to arrest the women on a charge of obstruction† but they â€Å"had been instructed to avoid, as far as possible, making any arrests† which is why, the women argue that the police were so violent. Also, this article presents the events of â€Å"Black Friday† in such a different light, because it was written by those who sympathized with Suffragettes and therefore supported them, the Committee was set up in 1910 to encourage support for women’s suffrage, so it would have wanted to make the actions of the police look bad in order to gain support for the women who were protesting. Similar to source 11, Source 12, from a statement by a 60 year old suffragette who had participated in the demonstration on â€Å"Black Friday† is of the opinion that it was the police who acted wrongly during the events, and not the women protesting. The suffragette talks about how she was â€Å"seized by several policemen† and how â€Å"one twisted (her) right arm behind (her) back with such brute force that (she) really thought he would break it†. She also mentions that â€Å"another policeman gave (her) a terrible blow in (her) back, which sent (her) whirling into the crowd†- clearly presenting the view that the police were acting violently and out of conduct towards the women and as a result disputing the viewpoint held in source 10. However, it must be taken into consideration the purpose of this statement, which was a testament before the Parliamentary Conciliation Committee for Women’s Suffrage, who we know from source 11 sympathized with suffragettes and were trying to gain support from them. Therefore, the women who gave this testament would have been trying to give as much evidence against the police as possible in order for the Committee to have a case against the police and order for an inquiry to be made. In addition to this, it was the aim of suffragettes at time to create as much publicity towards their cause as they could, whether good or bad, they wanted attention, and by complaining about the police it would have prolonged the time that â€Å"Black Friday† was publicized in the media which was what they wanted. In conclusion, sources 11 and 12, which present the view that it was the police who acted wrongly on â€Å"Black Friday† disagree with the view presented in source 10, which is that it was the women who were at fault. This is because the purpose of both sources 11 and 12 was to create sympathy for the suffragettes in order to gain support for their cause, whereas source 10 was aimed at an audience who did not support women’s suffrage, and by publishing an article presenting women in a bad light, â€Å"The Times† newspaper would have been ensuring that it’s readers remained loyal. Although sources 11 and 12 agree with source 10 in the fact that a violent dispute took place, they differ in opinion of who was the victim in the situation, therefore sources 11 and 12 challenge the view presented in source 10 about the conduct of the police on â€Å"Black Friday†. How to cite Black Friday, Papers

English Communication for History - Curriculum - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEnglish Communication for History, Curriculum and Practice. Answer: Introduction The seminar is based on the discussion of fundamentals of English communication skills that are required and is essential in nature as well. The communication skills are essential as this help the individuals to generate proper diversity in the workplace. The significance of the communication includes the advancement of the technology is reliable on effective communication and this helps in eradicating the barriers that are caused due to the cultural and language barriers. Different ways of leading the seminar The seminar that was conducted and led by me is on the proper and effective kind of communication that is required to be adopted by all the folks in the entire world. I will start the seminar by providing a proper introduction about the entire topic by highlighting on the issues that has to be resolved properly. I will be identifying the particular topic in fundamentals of English communication that has to be provided proper focus and this will help in making the students present in the seminar understand about the importance of the communication. According to me, the point of seminar is not to summarize the concept of English communication but it is the proper review on the concepts as well as the on the reading. The different requirements of the seminar are: Particulars Description Introduction of the topic I have to start the seminar with proper introduction on importance of communication skills in the professional field. This will help me in providing the audiences a brief idea about the seminar. Fundamentals of English communication After providing a proper introduction, the concerned topic has to be discussed in the seminar with the examples of effective communication in the professional field. This will help me in making the students understand about the different disadvantages of improper communication skills (Braine 2014). This is the process that will help me in making the topic clear in front of the audiences by providing different examples and instances as this will help them in having a clear idea about the communication skills. Proper context This is required in leading as well as conducting a seminar properly as this will help me in focus on the central issues related to the context. Proper concepts have to be utilized in order to create a good discussion in the seminar. Posing different questions and examples This will help me in leading the seminar that will help in adding spark to the discussion in the seminar. The significant ideas will be generated and examples can be provided by the participants or the audiences in the seminar by providing real life examples of the issues with improper communication as this will make the communication process more effective and interesting in nature as well. The seminar that will be led by me will help me in analyzing the issues faced in the seminar and this will help in making the audiences about the team building concept (Carbaugh 2013). The seminar will be led in such a way that this will help in making the individuals understand about the proper process of effective communication as well as the workplace diversity that is required in the increasing in the productivity of the organization as well. I will include analysis of the proper communication as this will help in decreasing the errors that are committed due to improper communication and avoiding the conflicts as well. The seminar will help the individuals in a positive way by providing proper techniques that is concerning a particular topic of the effective communication in different institutions along with organizations as well (Bargiela-Chiappini and Nickerson 2014). The important topics have to be discussed in the seminar that will include proper information regarding the benefits of communication in eradicating the barriers of the communication. In the seminar, the participants has to be given fair chance as this will help in making the seminar interesting in nature. Similarly, the participants will feel motivated and interested in attending the seminar as this will provide them opportunities to place their views on the different effectiveness of the process of communication in the workplace (Chinn 2017). In the seminar, there should a chief guest who will be giving a lecture and a brief idea on the respective topic Fundamentals of English Communication. The guest lecturer will provide the participants a brief idea on the usage of effective communication in the workplace. This lecture will help to provide the participants in the seminar a clear idea on the effectiveness of the communication process and this will help in removing the misconceptions about the barriers of the communication process as well. The idea for the best seminar that can be led and managed by me will be starting with a proper introductory speech as this will help in providing the participants a brief idea about the actual topic. This will help me in conducting the research properly on the different requirements of the seminar as this will provide the participants a proper brief and the issues has to be highlighted properly. The concerns regarding the topic English communication along with the fundamentals of communication have to be identified properly as well that will help the individuals in generating some context about the respective topic. The proper questions as well as examples have to be generated as this will help in making the entire discussion interesting in nature. The participants should be given fair chance in participating in the seminar with the real life examples of the ineffective communication and the problems faced by them in the different fields. The questions as well as examples will spark the entire discussion as well. Proper hands outs can be provided to the audiences or the participants who are present in the seminar as this will help them in providing idea about the topic that will be discussed in the seminar. The leading of a proper seminar will provide chance to everyone in the seminar to discuss about the relevant issues, pros and cons related to the effective communication and ineffective communication. Proper reading will be done in advance by the participants as well as the guest speaker as this will help in understanding the necessity of the seminar and this will not be monotonous in nature as well. Before starting the seminar, proper brief can be provided to the individuals to provide different relevant information that can be provided by them if they are appropriate in nature Lastly, the seminar will be properly ended with making the participants fill the response form on whether they liked the seminar and if there are any kind of changes that are required to be enforced by the seminar management team. This can help us in making relevant and appropriate changes that are required to be maintained and this will be implemented from the next seminar that will be conducted as well. Lastly, the seminar will be ended with a proper filling up of the response forms as this will help in understanding the pros and cons that has been faced by the individuals who attended the seminar. The seminar will be effective in nature when there will be effectiveness in the face of the participants or the audiences who have attended the interview. The seminar has to be properly solved with the proper feedback from the respondents and implementing the different techniques that has been suggested by them and this will help them in solving such issues as well. References Bargiela-Chiappini, F. and Nickerson, C.R., 2014.Writing business: Genres, media and discourses. Routledge. Braine, G. ed., 2014.Teaching English to the world: History, curriculum, and practice. Routledge. Carbaugh, D., 2013.Cultural communication and intercultural contact. Routledge. Chinn, D., 2017. Review of Interventions to Enhance the Health Communication of People With Intellectual Disabilities: A Communicative Health Literacy Perspective.Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities,30(2), pp.345-359. DiCerbo, P.A., Anstrom, K.A., Baker, L.L. and Rivera, C., 2014. A review of the literature on teaching academic English to English language learners.Review of Educational Research,84(3), pp.446-482. Gasparyan, A.Y., Yessirkepov, M., Diyanova, S.N. and Kitas, G.D., 2015. Publishing ethics and predatory practices: a dilemma for all stakeholders of science communication.Journal of Korean medical science,30(8), pp.1010-1016. Kuteeva, M. and Airey, J., 2014. Disciplinary differences in the use of English in higher education: Reflections on recent language policy developments.Higher Education,67(5), pp.533-549. Pennycook, A., 2017.The cultural politics of English as an international language. Taylor Francis. Salager-Meyer, F., 2014. Writing and publishing in peripheral scholarly journals: How to enhance the global influence of multilingual scholars?.Journal of English for Academic Purposes,13, pp.78-82. Spence, P. and Liu, G.Z., 2013. Engineering English and the high-tech industry: A case study of an English needs analysis of process integration engineers at a semiconductor manufacturing company in Taiwan.English for specific purposes,32(2), pp.97-109.

Zaabalawi is a symbol

A man in search of Zaabalawi who is believed to be a healer is featured in this story. The author, Naguib uses several techniques of literature to explore the use of symbolism in his story. Through technique, we will find out that the search of Zaabalawi in the story is actually the search of peace within our souls. In order to achieve the theme of symbolism, the author has used figurative language in the text including symbolism and irony.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Zaabalawi is a symbol specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the phrase, â€Å"Finally I became convinced that I had to find Sheikh Zaabalawi,† (Mahfouz, 1) the intentions of the first person are revealed. The young man is in search of cure of his long time illness. In the beginning of the story, the son asks his father about the existence of Zaabalawi, from my point of view this is an allusion. The conversation between father and son went on with more reference to Zaabalawi in the quest to provide symbolism in the story. The father tells his son (Mahfouz, 6), â€Å"May his blessing be bestowed on you, he is a remover of all trouble and worries, if it were not for him, I would have died miserably.† In this case, symbolism has been used in the sense that the father found inner peace which has enabled him to be alive and the same can happen when one finds inner peace. Throughout the city, the protagonist, who is the son, finds places that are characterized with hopelessness and desperation except two places, which is an observation he made when he visited the inner city. He writes, â€Å"I went to Birgawi residence situated in a thickly populated quarter. I found out that time had eaten into the building that nothing was left of it to save antiquated faade and a courtyard in which, despite it being supposedly in charge of a caretaker, was being used a rubbish dumb†Ã‚  (Mahfouz, 23). At the end of his statement above, the protagonist uses a simile and personification that are â€Å"rubbish dump† and â€Å"time eating up the building† respectively. Symbolism is used in this scene because the protagonist visited the Birgawi residence, a symbol that he is found in places of despair and ruin. Because he was overwhelmed by what he was searching, he gives in to despair which he communicates ironically in the following manner, â€Å"while others openly made fun of him, labeled him a charlatan, and advised me to put myself in the hands of a doctor as though I had not done so†Ã‚  (Mahfouz, 26). Due to the events that were unfolding in the story, this statement is ironical. The people telling him to see a physician were not seriously meaning it.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Further allusion to Zaabalawi is brought when the protagonist is involved in a conversation with an artist. Interaction with the musician brings out use of symbolism in the story which is seen from the following statement about Zaabalawi: â€Å"It was easy enough with him in the old days when his practice of abode was known. Today, though, the world has changed and after having enjoyed a position attained only by potentates, he is now pursued by the police on a charge of false pretences. It is therefore not an easy matter reaching him, but have patience and be sure that you will do so† (Mahfouz 75). This is symbolic because it implies the change in times, unlike the old times when people searched for inner peace, people of his time live in a world of despair without searching inner peace. Further symbolism is seen from the musician statement that, â€Å"Do not give in to defeat,† implying that for one to find inner peace, it is a difficult task. The protagonist search is due to lack of awareness which becomes a symbol of an individual’s se arch for inner peace. The story is ironical because all along, Zaabalawi has been inside him waiting for him to realize. Work Cited Mahfouz, Naguib. â€Å"Zaabalawi† in The Time and the Place: And Other Short Stories Cairo: The Cairo Triology, 1992. This essay on Zaabalawi is a symbol was written and submitted by user Travis Golden to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Science, Religion or a Combination †Theology Essay

Science, Religion or a Combination – Theology Essay Free Online Research Papers Science, Religion or a Combination Theology Essay Some people claim the Christian Bible to be not only the true word of God in complete disregard for other religions beliefs they also consider it to be a book of science; that holds absolute truth about Mankind, the Earth, and the Universe. Religious fanatics have been trying to discredit evolution ever since Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859, these fanatics once defeat which they have been countless times always go back to the drawing board and produce the same thing as before usually just with a different name and some minimal revisions and the zealots attack evolution with renewed fervor. In recent year thought the reoccurring debate has become political, as creationist struggle to force schools to abandon evolution and adopt creationism. This continued debate is unique for an industrialized country such as the united states thou it is pretty commonplace in the unindustrialized world consequently America is setting a bad example for countries that are struggling to break the grips of religious fundamentalists and embrace free thought and a more rational way of thinking. Although evolution is imperfect it is much better explained then creationism and is able to withstand attacks as it has done for over a century now and continues to be the only theory widely ac cepted by scientist. Evolution tells that all life not just humans at one time in the past shared a common ancestor. The theory has three major points first; the common descent of all organisms formed from a single ancestor, second the appearance of important traits in a lineage or through time, and the mechanisms that cause some traits to persist while others perish. These three ideas make up the backbone of evolutionary theory. All living organisms share common traits, which would mean that all life comes from an extreme distance common ancestor. Back in Darwin’s’ day only simple observations could be made to verify his and others hypothesis that all life developed from the same origin. Now with the major breakthrough of genetics in the 1980s it is now known that every living being makes use of nucleic acids as its genetic material, and uses the same twenty amino acids as the building blocks for proteins. Also almost all of living organisms use the same genetic code to convert nucleic aci d sequences in proteins. Because the selection of these traits is somewhat arbitrary, they strongly suggest common ancestry.* fossilization is very important to understanding the history of the earth and life that once existed moreover fossilization is very rare requiring an animal to die where sediments are being deposited therefore the fossil record can only provide sparse information on the evolution of species. But fossils have been found all over the world of prehistoric organisms their age is identified by radiometric dating; which is a technique used to date materials based on a knowledge of the decay rates of naturally occurring isotopes, and the current abundances. There are many different dating methods used by geologists for example, Radiocarbon dating, this technique measures the decay of Carbon-14 in organic material (plant macrofossils).Other methods are used for dating rocks and bones. Furthermore the materialization of some traits while others fail. When evolutionary theory was first supposed only direct observations could be made and it was believed that just basic chance was the determining factor. Now we know it to be much more complex then ever imagined before with mutations occurring to DNA or RNA that usually happens when coping errors are made during cell division and can also be caused by exposure to radiation, chemical, or viruses. These changes can effect the person or person in a positive or negative way and frequently are acted upon by natural selection thou most of the time there are only minor alterations and don’t have any noticeable effect on the person. Natural selection is the main function that allows certain inheritance of some genes rather than others. Research Papers on Science, Religion or a Combination - Theology EssayGenetic EngineeringBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenQuebec and CanadaThree Concepts of PsychodynamicLifes What IfsThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationHip-Hop is ArtMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Biography of Annie Jump Cannon, Classifier of Stars

Biography of Annie Jump Cannon, Classifier of Stars Annie Jump Cannon (December 11, 1863–April 13, 1941) was an American astronomer whose work in star cataloging led to the development of modern star classification systems. Along with her groundbreaking work in astronomy, Cannon was a suffragist and activist for women’s rights. Fast Facts: Annie Jump Cannon Known For: American astronomer who created the modern star classification system and broke ground for women in astronomyBorn: December 11, 1863 in Dover, DelawareDied: April 13, 1941 in Cambridge, MassachusettsSelected Honors: Honorary doctorates from University of Groningen (1921) and Oxford University (1925), Henry Draper Medal (1931), Ellen Richards Prize (1932), National Womens Hall of Fame (1994)Notable Quote: Teaching man his relatively small sphere in the creation, it also encourages him by its lessons of the unity of Nature and shows him that his power of comprehension allies him with the great intelligence over-reaching all. Early Life Annie Jump Cannon was the eldest of three daughters born to Wilson Cannon and his wife Mary (neà ¨ Jump). Wilson Cannon was a state senator in Delaware, as well as a ship builder. It was Mary who encouraged Annie’s education from the very start, teaching her the constellations and encouraging her to pursue her interests in science and math. Throughout Annie’s childhood, mother and daughter stargazed together, using old textbooks to identify and map out the stars they could see from their own attic. Sometime during her childhood or young adulthood, Annie suffered major hearing loss, possibly due to scarlet fever. Some historians believe she was hard of hearing from childhood onward, while others suggest that she was already a young adult in her post-college years when she lost her hearing. Her hearing loss reportedly made it difficult for her to socialize, so Annie immersed herself more completely in her work. She never married, had children, or had publicly known romantic attachments. Annie attended Wilmington Conference Academy (known today as Wesley College) and excelled, particularly in math. In 1880, she began studying as Wellesley College, one of the best American colleges for women, where she studied astronomy and physics. She graduated as valedictorian in 1884, then returned home to Delaware. Teacher, Assistant, Astronomer In 1894, Annie Jump Cannon suffered a major loss when her mother Mary died. With home life in Delaware becoming more difficult, Annie wrote to her former professor at Wellesley, the physicist and astronomer Sarah Frances Whiting, to ask if she had any job openings. Whiting obliged and hired her as a junior-level physics teacher- which also enabled Annie to continue her education, taking graduate-level courses in physics, spectroscopy, and astronomy. To continue pursuing her interests, Annie needed access to a better telescope, so she enrolled at Radcliffe College, which had a special arrangement with nearby Harvard to have professors give their lectures both at Harvard and Radcliffe. Annie gained access to the Harvard Observatory, and in 1896, she was hired by its director, Edward C. Pickering, as an assistant. Pickering hired several women to assist him on his major project: completing the Henry Draper Catalogue, an extensive catalogue with the goal of mapping and defining every star in the sky (up to a photographic magnitude of 9). Funded by Anna Draper, Henry Draper’s widow, the project took up significant manpower and resources. Creating a Classification System Soon into the project, a disagreement arose over how to classify the stars they were observing. One woman on the project, Antonia Maury (who was Draper’s niece) argued for a complex system, while another colleague, Williamina Fleming (who was Pickering’s chosen supervisor) wanted a simple system. It was Annie Jump Cannon who figured out a third system as a compromise. She divided stars into the spectral classes O, B, A, F, G, K, M- a system which is still taught to astronomy students today. Annie’s first catalog of stellar spectra was published in 1901, and her career accelerated from that point on. She received a master’s degree in 1907 from Wellesley College, completing her studies from years earlier. In 1911, she became the Curator of Astronomical Photographs at Harvard, and three years later, she became an honorary member of the Royal Astronomical Society in the U.K. Despite these honors, Annie and her female colleagues were often criticized for working, rather than being housewives, and were often underpaid for long hours and tedious work. Regardless of criticism, Annie persisted, and her career flourished. In 1921, she was among the first women to receive an honorary doctorate from a European university when the Dutch university Groningen University awarded her an honorary degree in math and astronomy. Four years later, she was awarded an honorary doctorate by Oxford – making her the first woman to receive an honorary doctorate of science from the elite university. Annie also joined the suffragist movement, advocating for women’s rights and, specifically, the extension of the right to vote; the right to vote for all women was finally won in 1928, eight years after the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920. Annie’s work was noted for being incredibly rapid and accurate. At her peak, she could classify 3 stars per minute, and she classified around 350,000 over the course of her career. She also discovered 300 variable stars, five novas, and one spectroscopic binary star. In 1922, the International Astronomical Union officially adopted Cannons stellar classification system; it is still used, with only minor changes, to this day. In addition to her work on classifications, she served as a sort of ambassador within the astronomy field, helping forge partnerships among colleagues. She assumed a similar role for the astronomy field’s public-facing work: she wrote books presenting astronomy for public consumption, and she represented professional women at the 1933 World’s Fair. Retirement and Later Life Annie Jump Cannon was named the William C. Bond Astronomer at Harvard University in 1938. She remained in that position before retiring in 1940 at the age of 76. Despite being officially retired, however, Annie continued to work in the observatory. In 1935, she created the Annie J. Cannon Prize to honor women’s contributions to the field of astronomy. She continued to help women gain a foothold and gain respect in the scientific community, leading by example while also lifting up the work of fellow women in science. Annie’s work was continued by some of her colleagues. Most notably, the famous astronomer Cecilia Payne was one of Annie’s collaborators, and she used some of Annie’s data to support her groundbreaking work that determined that stars are composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. Annie Jump Cannon died on April 13, 1941. Her death came after a long illness and hospitalization. In honor of her countless contributions to astronomy, the American Astronomical Society presents an annual award named for her- the Annie Jump Cannon Award- to female astronomers whose work has been especially distinguished. Sources Des Jardins, Julie.  The Madame Curie Complex- The Hidden History of Women in Science. New York: Feminist Press, 2010.Mack, Pamela (1990).  Straying from their orbits: Women in astronomy in America. In Kass-Simon, G.; Farnes, Patricia; Nash, Deborah.  Women of Science: Righting the Record. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990.Sobel, Dava.  The Glass Universe: How the Ladies of the Harvard Observatory Took the Measure of the Stars. Penguin: 2016.

Victim Assistance Office and Organizational Structure Assignment

Victim Assistance Office and Organizational Structure - Assignment Example In addition, the services to be offered in the office will be discussed. Other aspects to be analyzed include associate agencies necessary for the success of the office, outreach programs, and how to seek and receive funds. The office will have three posts including Prosecuting Attorney, Chief Assistant, Counselor and an Office Administrator. The Prosecuting Attorney must have a law degree from the internationally accredited university. The Prosecuting Attorney will be the overall manager of the office and will thus be in charge of the affairs of the victims. Secondly, the Chief Assistant, who is subordinate to the Prosecuting Attorney, must also have a law degree from the internationally accredited university. The Prosecuting Attorney will work in collaboration with the Chief Assistant in meeting the objectives of the office. Finally, the office administrator will be in charge of administrative duties at the office such as handling of victim records and correspondence. Counseling services will be provided by the Counselor. Associate agencies will include police departments. The police will help the office in ensuring that suspects are arrested. In addition, the police, especially the FBI, will help victims to carry out investigations. Community organizations will also help the office in ensuring that crime victims are assisted in coming up with the challenges that affect them. The victim assistance office main aim will be to provide direct assistance to individuals who have been affected by criminal activities. The counselor will ensure that the traumatized, as well as, confused victims are assisted. After counseling, the prosecuting attorney will be required to provide referrals to effective agencies that will help the victim in understanding the justice system. In the current society, there is still lack of knowledge on what should happen after crimes have been committed (Doyle, 2008). The victim assistance office will help  in creating and disseminating understandable information to crime victims.